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A Digital Library (also referred to as digital library or digital repository) is a special library with a focused collection of digital objects that can include text, visual material, audio material, video material, stored as electronic media formats (as opposed to print, microform, or other media), along with means for organizing, storing, and retrieving the files and media contained in the library collection. Digital libraries can vary immensely in size and scope, and can be maintained by individuals, organizations, or affiliated with established physical library buildings or institutions, or with academic institutions.〔Witten, Ian H., Bainbridge, David Nichols.Accessed January 31, 2014.〕 The electronic content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks. An electronic library is a type of information retrieval system. ==Terminology== The term ''special libraries'' was first popularized by the NSF/DARPA/NASA Digital Libraries Initiative in 1994.〔Edward A. Fox. (The Digital Libraries Initiative - Update and Discussion ), Bulletin of the America Society of Information Science, Vol. 26, No 1, October/November 1999.〕 These draw heavily on Vannevar Bush's essay ''As We May Think'' (1945), which set out a vision not in terms of technology, but user experience. The term ''virtual library'' was initially used interchangeably with ''digital library,'' but is now primarily used for libraries that are virtual in other senses (such as libraries which aggregate distributed content). In the context of the (DELOS ), a Network of Excellence on Digital Libraries, and (DL.org ), a Coordination Action on ''Digital Library Interoperability, Best Practices and Modelling Foundations'', Digital Library researchers and practitioners and software developer produced a Digital Library Reference Model〔L. Candela, G. Athanasopoulos, D. Castelli, K. El Raheb, P. Innocenti, Y. Ioannidis, A. Katifori, A. Nika, G. Vullo, S. Ross: ''The Digital Library Reference Model''. April 2011 ((PDF ))〕〔L. Candela et al.: ''The DELOS Digital Library Reference Model - Foundations for Digital Libraries''. Version 0.98, February 2008 ((PDF ))〕 which defines a digital library as: "A potentially virtual organization, that comprehensively collects, manages and preserves for the long depth of time rich digital content, and offers to its targeted user communities specialised functionality on that content, of defined quality and according to comprehensive codified policies."〔L. Candela, G. Athanasopoulos, D. Castelli, K. El Raheb, P. Innocenti, Y. Ioannidis, A. Katifori, A. Nika, G. Vullo, S. Ross: ''The Digital Library Reference Model''〕 A distinction is often made between content that was created in a digital format, known as born-digital, and information that has been converted from a physical medium, e.g. paper, through digitization. It should also be noted that not all electronic content is in digital data format. The term hybrid library is sometimes used for libraries that have both physical collections and electronic collections. For example, American Memory is a digital library within the Library of Congress. Some important digital libraries also serve as long term archives, such as arXiv and the Internet Archive. Others, such as the Digital Public Library of America, seek to make digital information from various institutions widely accessible online.〔Yi, Esther, (Inside the Quest to Put the World's Libraries Online ), The Atlantic, July 26, 2012.〕 (DPLA Website ) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「digital library」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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